Untill the mid 20th century few people worried about the ethics of research with human participants. After World War II, however, the discovery of Nazi atrocities such as the dangerous and often fatal medical experiments carried out by doctors in concentration camps on unwilling prisoners come to light.
Concerns were also raised by the discovery of unethical medical experimentation in the United States such as the notorious Tuskegee case In 1932 the U.S. public Health service began a 40- year study in Tuskgee Alabama on 399 poor and semiliterate African American men who had syphilis, a progressive disease that can lead to brain damage and death. The goal was to trace the effects of syphilis on untreated males over many years. The men were told that they were being treated but in fact they were never given medication even though penicillin was available and was effective against the disease. Even as late as sixties, treatment was still being withheld from the survivors while the study continued.
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